Mahindra unveils multi purpose vehicle Xylo
The first thing you notice about the Mahindra Xylo...
Read More...
 
Weight loss
Do you ever find yourself reading weight loss tips thinking...
Read More...
 
Why is a hamburger called a hamburger
During a trip to Asia in the early 1800s, a German merchant...
Read More...
 
 
 
Delicious Recipes for Holi
Vasant Panchami is a festival that worships Goddess Saraswati...
Read More...
 
Datawind Unveils Handheld Internet Device in India
Datawind Ltd., a provider of wireless web access products...
Read More...
 
Quick Fixes for Small Automotive Problems
Car repairs are costly. Parts and hourly labor can drive a small car repair right through the roof...
Read More...
 
MAK All Season HMO Tea Spray
MAK All Season HMO is a high grade paraffinic petroleum based spray oil...
Read More...
The aim of IYA 2009 is to stimulate interest worldwide especially amongst young people in Astronomy & Science under 1 central theme "THE UNIVERSE, YOURS TO DISCOVER".
 
Developed by E Vision Technologies Pvt. Ltd.
Disclaimer - The information offered in the Petrozine is true to the best of our knowledge and belief. Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. is in no way liable or responsible for the accuracy of the information displayed. Users are advised to use suitable discretion in their dealings. All product names, trademarks owned by the respective companies are acknowledged.

We respect your privacy. If you do not wish to receive the Petrozine in future, please click here
 
What Is Astronomy?
Astronomy word comes from the Greek words astron, "star", and nomos, "law". There are different definitions of Astronomy. Some define it as a branch of science dedicated to the study of the motions and natures of celestial bodies, like planets, stars, and galaxies. Others say it is the study of objects and matter outside the earth's atmosphere and of their physical and chemical properties. Still others would say it is the study of everything, because it is a study of the universe and everything is part of the universe.

Astronomy is not a "stand-alone" science. It combines areas from a number of other fields, including mathematics, chemistry, geology, biology and physics. In fact, physics is such an integral part of the field that many astronomers are also known as Astrophysicists.

The study of our universe is not new. Astronomy is the oldest science. People have been looking up, trying to explain the universe for as long as there have been people. Some of the earliest Astronomers were priests and holy men, studying the movement of celestial bodies to determine celebrations and planting cycles.

The ancient Greeks were the first to start developing astronomy theories about the design of the Universe.

There have been many astronomers throughout history who have played important roles in the science. Many have later been proved wrong as our knowledge and technology improved, but if not for the earlier work, later scientists would have had nothing on which to base their research.

Basics Series: What You Need To Know About Astronomy
By Nick Greene, About.com

Specific Subfields of Astronomy
  • Solar astronomy - Solar astronomy and solar physics, two branches of science which observe and study the Sun and attempt to explain and predict its behavior.
  • Planetary science (Planetary astronomy) - This astronomical field examines the assemblage of planets, moons, dwarf planets, comets, asteroids, and other bodies orbiting the Sun, as well as extra solar planets.
  • Stellar astronomy - The study of stars and stellar evolution is fundamental to our understanding of the universe. Star formation occurs in dense regions of dust and gas, known as giant molecular clouds. When destabilized, cloud fragments can collapse under the influence of gravity, to form a protostar. A sufficiently dense, and hot, core region will trigger nuclear fusion, thus creating a main-sequence star.
  • Galactic astronomy - Galactic astronomy is the study of our own Milky Way galaxy and all its contents. Galactic astronomy is that branch of astronomy which deals with the study of Milky Way galaxy and all its contents.
  • Extragalactic astronomy - Extragalactic astronomy is the branch of astronomy concerned with objects outside our Milky Way Galaxy (the study of all astronomical objects which are not covered by galactic astronomy). Extragalactic astronomy is that branch of astronomy which deals with the study of objects outside of Milky Way galaxy.
  • Cosmology - Cosmology (from the Greek "world, universe" and "word, study") could be considered the study of the universe as a whole. Observations of the large-scale structure of the universe, a branch known as physical cosmology, have provided a deep understanding of the formation and evolution of the cosmos.
Read More...

Ancient Indian Astronomy
Like many other branches of knowledge, the origins of the science of astronomy in India have to be traced back to the Vedas. In the Vedic literature, Jyotisa is one of the six auxiliaries (shadangas) of the Vedic corpus of knowledge. The six vedangas are
  • Siksa (phonetics)
  • Vyakarana (grammar)
  • Chandas (metrics)
  • Nirukta (etymology)
  • Jyotisa (astrolonomy and
  • Kalpa (rituals).
Its is important to note that although in modern common parlance the word Jyotisa is used to mean predictive astrology, in the earlier literature Jyotisa included all the aspects of astronomy. Of course, mathematics was regarded as a part of Jyotisa. Vedangajyotisa is the earliest Indian astronomical text available.

Source:Indian Astronomy – An Introduction
By S Balachandra Rao

Astronomy in Ancient India
Ancient India's contributions in the field of astronomy are well known and well documented. The earliest references to astronomy are found in the Rig Veda, which are dated 2000 BC. During next 2500 years, by 500 AD, ancient Indian astronomy has emerged as an important part of Indian studies and its affect is also seen in several treatises of that period. In some instances, astronomical principles were borrowed to explain matters, pertaining to astrology, like casting of a horoscope. Apart from this linkage of astronomy with astrology in ancient India, science of astronomy continued to develop independently, and culminated into original findings, like:
  • The calculation of occurrences of eclipses
  • Determination of Earth's circumference
  • Theorizing about the theory of gravitation
  • Determining that sun was a star and determination of number of planets under our solar system
There are astronomical references of chronological significance in the Vedas. Some Vedic notices mark the beginning of the year and that of the vernal equinox in Orion. This was the case around 4500 BC. Fire altars, with astronomical basis, have been found in the third millennium cities of India. The texts that describe their designs are conservatively dated to the first millennium BC, but their contents appear to be much older.
   
Celestial Observatory
Tool for keeping track of the constellations
Jantar Mantar in Jaipur
Sun Dial
The Jantar Mantar in Jaipur is actually one of six major observatories built by the Maharajah. The one in Jaipur not only follows the movements of the sun and the moon to help determine auspicious dates for events, it also helps map out the position of the stars in the sky. Although no telescopic instruments were available at the time, the precise observation of the stars was greatly facilitated by observatories such as Jantar Mantar.

It should also be noted that such an endeavor (six major observatories, a staff of full-time priests etc.) did not come to a small cost. This is further evidence of the importance placed on the study of the stars. As mentioned earlier, both astrology and astronomy were reasons to build these structures. Unlike the "west", astrology did not become as pseudo-science as astronomy became more factual and experimental. Instead, both were considered an integral part of society.

Source

India's Contribution to Astronomy
Astronomy is one area which has fascinated all mankind from the beginnings of history. In India the first references to astronomy are to be found in the Rig Veda which is dated around 2000 B.C. Vedic Aryans in fact deified the Sun, Stars and Comets. Astronomy was then interwoven with astrology and since ancient times Indians have involved the planets (called Grahas) with the determination of human fortunes. The planets Shani, i.e. Saturn and Mangal i.e. Mars were considered inauspicious.

In the working out of horoscopes (called Janmakundali), the position of the Navagrahas, nine planets plus Rahu and Ketu (mythical demons, evil forces) was considered. The Janmakundali was a complex mixture of science and dogma. But the concept was born out of astronomical observations and perception based on astronomical phenomenon. In ancient times personalities like Aryabhatta and Varahamihira were associated with Indian astronomy.

It would be surprising for us to know today that this science had advanced to such an extent in ancient India that ancient Indian astronomers had recognised that stars are same as the sun, that the sun is center of the universe (solar system) and that the circumference of the earth is 5000 Yojanas. One Yojana being 7.2 kms., the ancient Indian estimates came close to the actual figure.

Aryabhatta's Magnum Opus, the Aryabhattiya was translated into Latin in the 13th century. Through this translation, European mathematicians got to know methods for calculating the areas of triangles, volumes of spheres as well as square and cube root. Aryabhatta's ideas about eclipses and the sun being the source of moonlight may not have caused much of an impression on European astronomers as by then they had come to know of these facts throught the observations of Copernicus and Galileo.

But considering that Aryabhatta discovered these facts 1500 years ago, and 1000 years before Copernicus and Galileo makes him a pioneer in this area too. Aryabhatta's methods of astronomical calculations expounded in his Aryabhatta-siddhanta were reliable for practical purposes of fixing the Panchanga (Hindu calendar). Thus in ancient India, eclipses were also forecast and their true nature was perceived at least by the astronomers.

The lack of a telescope hindered further advancement of ancient Indian astronomy. Though it should be admitted that with their unaided observations with crude instruments, the astronomers in ancient India were able to arrive at near perfect measurement of astronomical movements and predict eclipses.

Indian astronomers also propounded the theory that the earth was a sphere. Aryabhatta was the first one to have propounded this theory in the 5th century. Another Indian astronomer, Brahmagupta estimated in the 7th century that the circumference of the earth was 5000 yojanas. A yojana is around 7.2 kms. Calculating on this basis we see that the estimate of 36,000 kms as the earth's circumference comes quite close to the actual circumference known today.

Indian Astronomers
Name Year Contributions
Aryabhata 476–550 CE Aryabhata explicitly mentioned that the earth rotates about its axis, thereby causing what appears to be an apparent westward motion of the stars. Aryabhata also mentioned that reflected sunlight is the cause behind the shining of the moon.
Brahmagupta 598–668 CE Brahmasphuta-siddhanta (Correctly Established Doctrine of Brahma, 628 CE) dealt with both Indian mathematics and astronomy. Bahmagupta also calculated the instantaneous motion of a planet, gave correct equations for parallax, and some information related to the computation of eclipses. His works introduced Indian concept of mathematics based astronomy into the Arab world.
Varahamihira 505 CE Varahamihira was an astronomer and mathematician who studied and Indian astronomy as well as the many principles of Greek, Egyptian, and Roman astronomical sciences.
Bhaskara I 629 CE Authored the astronomical works Mahabhaskariya (Great Book of Bhaskara), Laghubhaskariya (Small Book of Bhaskara), and the Aryabhatiyabhashya (629 CE)—a commentary on the Āryabhatīya written by Aryabhata. Hayashi (2008) writes 'Planetary longitudes, heliacal rising and setting of the planets, conjunctions among the planets and stars, solar and lunar eclipses, and the phases of the Moon are among the topics Bhaskara discusses in his astronomical treatises.'
Lalla 8th century CE Author of the Sisyadhivrddhida (Treatise Which Expands the Intellect of Students), which corrects several assumptions of Aryabhata. The Sisyadhivrddhida of Lalla itself is divided into two parts:Grahadhyaya and Goladhyaya. Grahadhyaya (Chapter I-XIII) deals with planetary calculations, determination of the mean and true planets, three problems pertaining to diurnal motion of Earth, eclipses, rising and setting of the planets, the various cusps of the moon, planetary and astral conjunctions, and complementary situations of the sun and the moon. The second part—titled Goladhyaya (chapter XIV–XXII)—deals with graphical representation of planetary motion, astronomical instruments, spherics, and emphasizes on corrections and rejection of flawed principles.
Bhaskara II 1114 CE Authored Siddhantasiromai (Head Jewel of Accuracy) and Karaakutuhala (Calculation of Astronomical Wonders) and reported on his observations of planetary positions, conjunctions, eclipses, cosmography, geography, mathematics, and astronomical equipment used in his research at the observatory in Ujjain, which he headed.
Sripati 1045 CE Sripati was a astronomer and mathematician who followed the Brhmagupta school and authored the Siddhantasekhara (The Crest of Established Doctrines) in 20 chapters, thereby introducing several new concepts, including moon's second ineuqlity.
Mahendra Suri 14th century CE The 182 verse Yantra-raja mentions the astrolabe from the first chapter onwards, and also presents a fundamental formula along with a numerical table for drawing an astrolabe although the proof itself has not been detailed. Longitudes of 32 stars as well as their latitudes have also been mentioned. Mahendra Suri also explained the Gnomon, equatorial co-ordinates, and elliptical co-ordinates.The works of Mahendra Suri may have influenced later astronomers like Padmanabha (1423 CE)—author of the Yantra-raja-adhikara, the first chapter of his Yantra-kirnavali.
Nilakanthan Somayaji 1444-1544 CE Nilakanthan Somayaji, in his Aryabhatiyabhasya, a commentary on Aryabhata's Aryabhatiya, developed his own computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model, in which Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits the Earth, similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century. Nilakantha's system, however, was mathematically more effient than the Tychonic system, due to correctly taking into account the equation of the centre and latitudinal motion of Mercury and Venus. Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics who followed him accepted his planetary model.

Source : Wikipedia

International Year of Astronomy
The International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009) is a year long celebration of astronomy, taking place in 2009 to coincide with the 400th anniversary of the first recorded astronomical observations with a telescope by Galileo Galilei and the publication of Johannes Kepler's Astronomia nova in the 17th century. [1] The Year was declared by the 62nd General Assembly of the UN. A global scheme, laid out by the International Astronomical Union (IAU), has also been endorsed by UNESCO - the UN body responsible for Educational, Scientific and Cultural matters. [3] The opening ceremony was held in Paris on Jan. 15-16, 2009.


Source : Wikipedia

IYA2009 General
The International Year of Astronomy 2009 is a global effort initiated by the International Astronomical Union and UNESCO to help the citizens of the world rediscover their place in the Universe through the day- and night-time sky, and thereby engage a personal sense of wonder and discovery.

Vision
Everyone should realise the impact of astronomy and other fundamental sciences on our daily lives, and understand how scientific knowledge can contribute to a more equitable and peaceful society. IYA2009 activities will take place locally, nationally, regionally and internationally. National Nodes have been formed in each country to prepare activities for 2009. These nodes will establish collaborations between professional and amateur astronomers, science centres and science communicators to prepare activities for 2009. Already now, 136 countries are involved and well over 140 are expected to participate eventually.

To help coordinate this huge global programme and to provide an important resource for the participating countries, the IAU has established a central Secretariat and an IYA2009 website (www.astronomy2009.org) as the principal IYA2009 resource for public, professionals and media alike.

Source: Astronomy 2009 website

About IYA2009
The International Year of Astronomy (IYA2009) will be a global celebration of astronomy and its contributions to society and culture, highlighted by the 400th anniversary of the first use of an astronomical telescope by Galileo Galilei. The aim of the Year is to stimulate worldwide interest, especially among young people, in astronomy and science under the central theme "The Universe, Yours to Discover". IYA2009 events and activities will promote a greater appreciation of the inspirational aspects of astronomy that embody an invaluable shared resource for all nations.
The IYA2009 activities will take place at the global and regional levels, and especially at the national and local levels. National Nodes in each country have been formed to prepare activities for 2009. These Nodes establish collaborations between professional and amateur astronomers, science centers, educators, and science communicators.

Source: Astronomy 2009 website

Goals and Objectives
The major goals of IYA2009 are to:
  • Increase scientific awareness.
  • Promote widespread access to new knowledge and observing experiences.
  • Empower astronomical communities in developing countries.
  • Support and improve formal and informal science education.
  • Provide a modern image of science and scientists.
  • Facilitate new networks and strengthen existing ones.
  • Improve the gender-balanced representation of scientists at all levels and promote greater involvement by underrepresented minorities in scientific and engineering careers.
  • Facilitate the preservation and protection of the world's cultural and natural heritage of dark skies in places such as urban oases, national parks and astronomical sites.

IYA2009 Organisation
IYA2009 will promote and facilitate the creation of international networks to foster a global appreciation of the role and value of science and astronomy as a unifying activity for humanity. IYA2009 will start up, connect and support networks of professional and amateur astronomers, educators and astrophysicists from all over the world, so that all these valuable sources of knowledge can be shared. The networks of hundreds, if not thousands of astronomical organisations, nationally and internationally, will be one of the legacies of IYA2009 that will last far beyond the year 2009.

The activities of IYA2009 will largely take place at the national level: after only nine months, a significant global network has already been created. This network has reached 136 countries and a total of 140 are eventually expected to join, making it possible to reach out to 97% of the world’s population.
Source:Astronomy 2009 website
 
The International Year of Astronomy Wallpapers by Bharat Petroleum
March
April
May
 
Delicious Recipes for Pongal!
Pongal is one of the most popular harvest festival of South India, mainly Tamil Nadu. Pongal falls in the mid-January every year and marks the auspicious beginning of Uttarayan - sun's journey northwards. Pongal festival lasts for four days. Celebrations include drawing of Kolam, swinging & cooking of delicious Pongal.

Read More...
Ingredients:
  • Basmati Rice
  • Chopped almonds(combined) - 4 tsp.
  • Milk - 2 cups
  • Coconut extract - 1 cup
  • Evaporated milk - 1 tin
  • Sugar - 1&1/2 cups
  • Cardomom powder - 1/4 tsp.
Preparation:
Soak rice for 15 minutes. Allow the milk and coconut extract to boil, add the soaked rice and cook. After it is cooked, add sugar, cardamom powder and almonds and let it boil for 5 minutes. Add the evaporated milk and let it boil.

Source

Ingredients:
  • Almonds - 1 cup
  • Sugar - 1 cup(very finely powdered)
  • Ghee - 2 tsp.
Preparation:
Soak the almonds for an hour. Drain. Remove the skin and grind into a thick smooth paste adding minimum water. In a thick vessel, mix sugar and 1/4 cup water and heat. When the sugar is completely melted, add this paste and cook this for five minutes. Add ghee and remove from fire. Pour it on a large palate and smoothen the surface of the mixture with a roller. Then cut with a knife by drawing parallel lines in the form of cubes.
Source

Vasant Panchami / Shree Panchami / Saraswati Puja
Vasant Panchami is a festival that worships Goddess Saraswati as well as it signifies the beginning of Vasant Ritu (spring season). Magh Sud 5 (5th day of the bright fortnight of the lunar month of Magh – falls usually in the month of January or February) is the day of Vasant Panchami and is also celebrated as Shree Panchami or Saraswati Puja in West Bengal and few other parts of Orissa.

Source
Delicious Recipes for Vasant Panchami!

Methi Ki Puri is a very nutritious as well as very tasty Indian bread. A filling prepared with fenugreek leaves and other spices is stuffed in wheat flour ball and then fried.
Ingredients:
  • 2 Cups Wheat Flour
  • 1 Cup Fenugreek Leaves (Methi), Finely Chopped
  • A Pinch Of Baking Powder
  • A Pinch Of Turmeric Powder
  • 2 Green Chilies, Chopped
  • 1 tsp. Aniseed Roasted
  • A Pinch Of Asafetida
  • Salt According To Taste
  • Oil For Frying
  • Water as Required
How to make methi ki puri:
  • Sieve the flour and salt and mix the rest of the ingredients with 1 tsp. Ghee(clarified butter).
  • Knead it well into a soft dough using water.
  • Divide the dough into equal balls and roll out each ball into a round puri.
  • Heat Ghee(clarified butter) in a frying pan and deep fry the puris one at a time until it turns golden brown
  • Serve with hot with raita.
Source

Delicious Recipes for Holi
Ingredients:
For Bhallas:
  • 1 Cup Urad daal
  • Salt to taste
  • Oil to fry
For Dahi:
  • 1 kg Dhabi(yogurt)
  • 1/2 tsp. grated Ginger
  • Finely chopped coriander leaves
  • 1-2 green chilies chopped
  • Salt to taste
  • 2tsp Roasted cumin (jeera) powder
  • Red chili powder to taste
Method:
For Bhallas:
  • Clean, wash and soak the daal overnight.
  • Grind it into smooth paste.
  • Add salt to taste.
  • Heat oil in a pan and drop a spoonfuls of batter and fry till golden brown.
  • Take the hot Bhallas and put in cold water for 2-3 minutes.
  • Now Take them out of water and squeeze the water and
    keep aside.
For Dahi:
  • Blend the curd (yogurt) and little water until it is smooth.
  • Keep in refrigerator for an hour to get chilled.
  • Add salt, red chili powder and cumin powder.
Serving:
  • In a deep dish arrange bhallas and pour dahi over them.
  • Now add imli (tamarind) chutney and green chutney.
  • Garnish with coriander.
  • Serve chilled.
Source

Mahashivaratri Festival
Mahashivaratri Festival or the ‘The Night of Shiva’ is celebrated with devotion and religious fervor in honor of Lord Shiva, one of the deities of Hindu Trinity. Shivaratri falls on the moonless 14th night of the new moon in the Hindu month of Phalgun, which corresponds to the month of February - March in English Calendar. Celebrating the festival of Shivaratri devotees observe day and night fast and perform ritual worship of Shiva Lingam to appease Lord Shiva.
Source
Shivaratri Recipes

Ingredients (makes 8 glasses):
  • 1 cup: Milk
  • 1½ cups: Sugar
  • 1/4 cup: Dried or fresh Rose petals (gulkand variety)
  • 1½ litres: Water
  • 1 tbsp: Almonds
  • 1 tbsp: Kharbooj/Tarbooj seeds skinned (commercially available)
  • (these are skinned dried seeds of watermelon and cantaloupes)
  • 1 tsp: Peppercorns (whole)
  • ½ tbsp: Khuskhus (poppy seeds)
  • ½ tbsp: Saunf (aniseed)
  • ½ tsp: Cardamom powder or 15 whole pods
  • ½ tsp: Rose Water (optional)
Method:
  • Soak sugar in ½ litre of the water used. Keep aside.
  • Wash clean all other dry ingredients, except cardamom if using powder.
  • Soak in 2 cups of remaining water. Keep aside.
  • Allow each soaked item to stand for at least 2 hours.
  • Grind all soaked ingredient (not sugar) to a very fine paste.
  • Use a stone grinder (manual or electric) if possible.
  • When the paste is very fine, mix remaining water.
  • Place a strong muslin strainer over a large deep vessel. Or tie a strong muslin cloth over rim of vessel and use to strain.
  • Press through muslin with back of palms, extracting the liquid into vessel.
  • Add remaining water, a little at a time to extract more.
  • Pour - back some of the extract and press, repress.
  • Repeat this process till the residue becomes dry and husk-like.
  • Add milk, sugar and rosewater to the extracted liquid.
  • If using cardamom powder mix it in with the milk.
  • Mix well. Chill for an hour or two before serving.
Source

Ingredients: (makes - 7 to 8 tikkis)
  • 3 no: Large Potatoes, boiled, peeled, mashed coarsely
  • 1/2 cup: Singhare ka atta (waterchestnut flour)
  • 1 tbsp: Fresh coriander leaves, finely chopped
  • 5 no: Green chilies, finely chopped
  • 1/4 tsp: Black pepper powder
  • 1/4 tsp: Kala namak (black salt)
  • Oil to shallow fry
  • Salt to taste
Method:
  • Mix all ingredients (except oil) till smooth.
  • Knead into pliable dough.
  • Shape into 2" round thick flat patties (grease hands if it sticks).
  • Grease griddle with a little oil, heat.
  • Place patties; allow cooking on low flame till golden.
  • Flip and cook other side, drizzle more oil if required.
  • Serve hot with green chutney or peanut curd chutney.
Tip: If you are on low cal diet, roast tikkis on nonstick tava, without using oil.
Source
 
 
Datawind Unveils Handheld Internet Device in India - PocketSurfer2
Datawind Ltd., a provider of wireless web access products and services, unveiled the PocketSurfer2 that they claim to be the world's fastest handheld internet device, in India, offering free mobile internet access. The device weighs 174 grams and runs on the revolutionary ‘Free Usage’ model, through which consumers can enjoy real internet anytime, anywhere in India.

Speaking on the occasion, Suneet Singh Tuli, Chief Executive Officer, DataWind, said, “For the consumer looking for a mobile internet solution, PocketSurfer2 hits the spot. With PocketSurfer2, mobile users can surf the Internet anytime, any place and enjoy the same rich media graphics and browser functionality of the desktop experience! This device is going to revolutionize the way we work, play communicate and fully leverage the web wirelessly”.

Allowing users to browse the web in its original layout, the PockeSurfer2 aims to provide a true desktop experience away from the PC with a 640 pixel full-color, wide screen displaying web-pages with full HTML, graphics, Java-Script, Ajax, Frames, and other complex web functionality. The metallic backlit QWERTY keyboard with tactile response and keys that are 6X larger than those available on other handhelds will allow users to easily compose emails or interact with web sites.

The PocketSurfer2 benefits also include:
  • Quad Band GPRS 850/900/1800/1900 Mhz
  • Built-in GPS receiver (Location Based Service)
  • Touchpad Navigation
  • Rechargeable Lithium polymer battery
  • Provides 4 hours active usage; 4 days standby
  • Tran reflective 640 x 240 backlit display
  • Mini-USB charging port
  • 152 x 75 x 15 mm (6 x 3.98 x 0.6”)
  • Mouse pointer
The bottom line is that Datawind claims that the PocketSurfer2 is faster than most handheld devices running on 3G networks. Combined with its compression technology, it promises no monthly charge, no activation fee and no contract thus making the mobile internet absolutely free and providing users a powerful internet experience without any restrictions.

Available at an affordable price of Rs. 11, 990 (inclusive of taxes), the PocketSurfer2 will be distributed in India by HCL Infosystems. What the company implies with regards to ‘Free Usage’ Model is that the PocketSurfer2 offers free usage of 35 hours per month for a whole year. Unlimited Usage plan is available at just Rs. 99/- p.m. Second year of service is just Rs. 999.

To read more click here
Source
 
 
Mahindra unveils multi purpose vehicle Xylo
XYLO Story
THE WAY FORWARD
To build a car that has everything the customer wants, it is essential to understand what he wants first.

This has been the basic principle behind the Xylo.

The result was a car that was fluent in form and function. A car that was truly world class. And a car that was in sync with your requirements.

XYLO Features
STYLE
The first thing you notice about the Mahindra Xylo is its masculinity. Its poise. And its attitude. You wonder if the aggressive front grill (with chrome slats) is responsible for this. For sure, the sleek, sloping bonnet adds to its imposing stance. And alloy wheels further enhance this car's allure. The sporty dials, the trims and the plush seating add to its style.

All in all, this car surely puts sedans out of fashion.
VARIANTS
Model Features Specifications
E2 Exterior
  • Ski rack – (N/A)
  • Body coloured electric Outside rear view mirrors –  BLACK (stalk)
  • Fog lamps – (N/A)
  • Rear fog lamps – (N/A)
  • Wheel Cover – (silver painted)
  • Side body cladding – (N/A)
  • Coloured Bumpers  – (N/A)
  • Coloured Grill – (N/A)
  • Coloured Handles & outside rear view mirrors & footstep end caps – (N/A)
  • Rear wash & wipe (rear wiper) – (N/A)
Interior
  • Digital Clock
  • Digital Drive Assist System – (N/A)
  • Roof console for spectacle holder – (N/A)
  • Mobile charging points (front on IP)
  • Courtesy lamps (1+1)
  • Rear glass embedded antenna – (N/A)
Seat & Interior Trims
  • Theatre Style Seating (8)
  • Flat bed front seats
  • Armrest for driver and co-driver – (N/A)
  • 3 position lumbar support for front & middle captain seats – (N/A)
  • Height adjustable driver seat
  • Foldable flight trays – (N/A)
  • Foldable arm rest in the middle and last seat with utility space – (N/A)
  • Seat material made of PVC
  • 8 front facing seats
Safety
  • Tubeless tyres
  • intellipark reverse assist – (N/A)
  • Engine immobilizer (Transponder based)
Comfort & Convenience
  • HVAC
  • Surround cool dual AC’s – (N/A)
  • Floor console (half)
  • Power steering
  • Puddle lamp on front & rear doors – (N/A)
  • Tilt steering
  • Keyless entry – (N/A)
  • Central locking
  • Illumination ring
  • Power window
  • Power window express up/down (driver side) with anti-pinch – (N/A)
  • Two DIN audio system – (N/A)
  • Rear defogger – (N/A)
  • Electric remote fuel lid opener
Engine mEagle engine - developed on the NEF CRDe platform with Dual Pilot Injection and Top Mounted Intercooler, Hydraulic Lash Adjusters and an Auto Belt Tensioner. 0 to 60 in 5.8 seconds. Fuel Diesel Injection Common Rail cc 2498 Power (bhp@rpm) 112@3800 Torque (kgm@rpm) 24@1800-3000 Transmission 5 M/T Kerb Weight (kg) 1750 Fr Brake Disc Rr Brake Drum Fr Suspension Independent Coil Spring Rr Suspension Multi-Link Coil spring suspension Gr Clearance (mm) 186 Turning radius (m) 5.4 Tyre size 215/75 R15 (TL) Seating 8 Front Facing
E4 Exterior
  • Ski rack – (N/A)
  • Body coloured electric Outside rear view mirrors –  BLACK (stalk)
  • Fog lamps – (N/A)
  • Rear fog lamps – (N/A)
  • Wheel Cover - Cap
  • Side body cladding
  • Coloured Bumpers  – (N/A)
  • Coloured Grill – (N/A)
  • Coloured Handles & outside rear view mirrors & footstep end caps – (N/A)
  • Rear wash & wipe (rear wiper)
Interior
  • Digital Clock
  • Digital Drive Assist System – (N/A)
  • Roof console for spectacle holder
  • Mobile charging points (front on IP)
  • Courtesy lamps (1+1)
  • Rear glass embedded antenna – (N/A)
Seat & Interior Trims
  • Theatre Style Seating (7,8)
  • Flat bed front seats
  • Armrest for driver and co-driver – (N/A)
  • 3 position lumbar support for front & middle captain seats – (N/A)
  • Height adjustable driver seat
  • Foldable flight trays – (N/A)
  • Foldable arm rest in the middle and last seat with utility space – (N/A)
  • Seat material made of fabric with PVC insert
  • 8 front facing, 7seater (captain seats)
Safety
  • Tubeless tyres
  • intellipark reverse assist – (N/A)
  • Engine immobilizer (Transponder based)
Comfort & Convenience
  • HVAC
  • Surround cool dual AC’s
  • Floor console (half)
  • Power steering
  • Puddle lamp on front & rear doors – (N/A)
  • Tilt steering
  • Keyless entry
  • Central locking
  • Illumination ring
  • Power window
  • Power window express up/down (driver side) with anti-pinch – (N/A)
  • Two DIN audio system – (N/A)
  • Rear defogger – (N/A)
  • Electric remote fuel lid opener
Engine mEagle engine - developed on the NEF CRDe platform with Dual Pilot Injection and Top Mounted Intercooler, Hydraulic Lash Adjusters and an Auto Belt Tensioner. 0 to 60 in 5.8 seconds. Fuel Diesel Injection Common Rail cc 2498 Power (bhp@rpm) 112@3800 Torque (kgm@rpm) 24@1800-3000 Transmission 5 M/T Kerb Weight (kg) 1750 Fr Brake Disc Rr Brake Drum Fr Suspension Independent Coil Spring Rr Suspension Multi-Link Coil spring suspension Gr Clearance (mm) 186 Turning radius (m) 5.4 Tyre size 215/75 R15 (TL) Seating 8 Front Facing, 7 seater Captain Seats
E6 Exterior
  • Ski rack
  • Body coloured electric Outside rear view mirrors – Electric (Body Coloured)
  • Fog lamps
  • Rear fog lamps
  • Wheel Cover - Cap
  • Side body cladding – Body Coloured (Steel insert)
  • Coloured Bumpers
  • Coloured Grill
  • Coloured Handles & outside rear view mirrors & footstep end caps
  • Rear wash & wipe (rear wiper)
Interior
  • Digital Clock – (N/A)
  • Digital Drive Assist System (limited info)
  • Roof console for spectacle holder
  • Mobile charging points (front on IP and middle on centre console)
  • Courtesy lamps (1+1+2)
  • Rear glass embedded antenna
Seat & Interior Trims
  • Theatre Style Seating (7)
  • Flat bed front seats
  • Armrest for driver and co-driver
  • 3 position lumbar support for front & middle captain seats
  • Height adjustable driver seat
  • Foldable flight trays – (N/A)
  • Foldable arm rest in the middle and last seat with utility space
  • Seat material made of fabric with PVC insert
  • 7seater (captain seats)
Safety
  • Tubeless tyres
  • intellipark reverse assist
  • Engine immobilizer (Transponder based)
Comfort & Convenience
  • HVAC
  • Surround cool dual AC’s
  • Floor console
  • Power steering
  • Puddle lamp on front & rear doors
  • Tilt steering
  • Keyless entry
  • Central locking
  • Illumination ring
  • Power window
  • Power window express up/down (driver side) with anti-pinch – (N/A)
  • Two DIN audio system
  • Rear defogger
  • Electric remote fuel lid opener
Engine mEagle engine - developed on the NEF CRDe platform with Dual Pilot Injection and Top Mounted Intercooler, Hydraulic Lash Adjusters and an Auto Belt Tensioner. 0 to 60 in 5.8 seconds. Fuel Diesel Injection Common Rail cc 2498 Power (bhp@rpm) 112@3800 Torque (kgm@rpm) 24@1800-3000 Transmission 5 M/T Kerb Weight (kg) 1750 Fr Brake Disc Rr Brake Drum Fr Suspension Independent Coil Spring Rr Suspension Multi-Link Coil spring suspension Gr Clearance (mm) 186 Turning radius (m) 5.4 Tyre size 215/75 R15 (TL) Seating 7 seater Captain Seats
E8 Exterior
  • Ski rack – (N/A)
  • Body coloured electric Outside rear view mirrors – Electric (Body Coloured)
  • Fog lamps
  • Rear fog lamps
  • Alloy wheels
  • Side body cladding – Body Coloured (Steel insert)
  • Coloured Bumpers
  • Coloured Grill
  • Coloured Handles & outside rear view mirrors & footstep end caps
  • Rear wash & wipe (rear wiper)
Interior
  • Digital Clock – (N/A)
  • Digital Drive Assist System
  • Roof console for spectacle holder
  • Mobile charging points (front on IP and middle on centre console)
  • Courtesy lamps (1+1+2)
  • Rear glass embedded antenna
Seat & Interior Trims
  • Theatre Style Seating (7,8)
  • Flat bed front seats
  • Armrest for driver and co-driver
  • 3 position lumbar support for front & middle captain seats
  • Height adjustable driver seat
  • Foldable flight trays
  • Foldable arm rest in the middle and last seat with utility space
  • Seat material made of fabric
  • 8 front facing, 7seater (captain seats)
Safety
  • Tubeless tyres
  • intellipark reverse assist
  • Engine immobilizer (Transponder based)
Comfort & Convenience
  • HVAC
  • Surround cool dual AC’s
  • Floor console
  • Power steering
  • Puddle lamp on front & rear doors
  • Tilt steering
  • Keyless entry
  • Central locking
  • Illumination ring
  • Power window
  • Power window express up/down (driver side) with anti-pinch
  • Two DIN audio system
  • Rear defogger
  • Electric remote fuel lid opener
Engine mEagle engine - developed on the NEF CRDe platform with Dual Pilot Injection and Top Mounted Intercooler, Hydraulic Lash Adjusters and an Auto Belt Tensioner. 0 to 60 in 5.8 seconds. Fuel Diesel Injection Common Rail cc 2498 Power (bhp@rpm) 112@3800 Torque (kgm@rpm) 24@1800-3000 Transmission 5 M/T Kerb Weight (kg) 1750 Fr Brake Disc Rr Brake Drum Fr Suspension Independent Coil Spring Rr Suspension Multi-Link Coil spring suspension Gr Clearance (mm) 186 Turning radius (m) 5.4 Tyre size 215/75 R15 (TL) Seating 8 Front Facing, 7 seater Captain Seats.

To know more click here
 
 
Handy Car Tips: Quick Fixes for Small Automotive Problems

Car repairs are costly. Parts and hourly labor can drive a small car repair right through the roof. Use this handy guide to make small repairs to your car or truck, and pick up a few tips and tricks that will make car maintenance and driving life a little easier.

Sticky Locks
For a lock that sticks, you might immediately think lubrication, but it is actually best not to spray oil inside a sticky lock. Oily lubricants only collect more gunk that gums up the locks even more. To free locks, ground up bits of powdery graphite (pencil lead) is what you need. Graphite powder is sold commercially in aerosol cans, but if you don’t have a can on hand, try this quick home fix: color the end of your key with a soft lead pencil, then insert it and turn the lock a couple of times to free it up.

Body Rust
If a patch of rust on your vehicle is small and only on the surface, you can save yourself a costly trip to the body shop with this tid-bit of handy automotive information. Rub away small rust patches by dipping a piece of steel wool in kerosene and buffing out the spot. Balling up aluminum foil and dipping it in water is another reported method for rubbing rust away.

Dents
Here’s something to try before you pay the body shop big bucks for a fast fix on a dented car or truck body. Get the toilet plunger (clean if necessary) and place it over the dent. Pump the plunger to create suction, and pull. The dent should pop out when you pull away the plunger. For a large dented area, you might try to pop most (or all) of the dent out by carefully banging on the dent from the back of the panel using a rubber mallet.

Sticker removal
Old parking stickers or permits clouding your view? Try these tips for getting off stickers and the residue they leave behind.
Rub stickers and left over glue with nail-polish remover or lighter fluid and scrape away with a flat razor blade.
Rub salad or cooking oil onto the sticker and let it penetrate the old decal. Scrape with a razor or similar flat edge. Flat nylon pan scrapers are harmless scraping tools, too.
For a gentle scrubber to loosen remaining glue goo, ball up a plastic net bag (the kind onions come in). Scrub the goo with soap and water or one of the products mentioned above.

Tar and Bugs
Two of the most plaguing nemeses on the road: tar and insects. Follow these tips for removal.
Soak caked on tar in linseed oil. Leave the oil to soak until the hardened tar softens, then rub it away with a cloth. The plastic net onion bag you used to scrub away the sticker glue makes a great scrubber for removing dead bugs, too. Use it to rub insect carcasses from the windshield.
Here’s a bonus: sap drips from trees can be rubbed away with a little turpentine on a cloth. It is supposed to be safe for your paint if you wash the turpentine thoroughly immediately afterwards, but turpentine is a paint thinner, so it is probably best to save this tip for windshields and windows only. Still be sure to thoroughly wash the turpentine from your windows, to be safe.

Extra Shine
Want a super-gleaming shine on your car? After you wax it, sprinkle a littlr cornstarch onto a buffing cloth and buff. Cornstarch is known to remove built-up polish and will give your car an extra shiny coat.

Foggy Windows
If you hate looking at your smeared handprint left from when you weren’t patient enough to wait for the defroster to clear the windshield, keep a chalkboard eraser in the glove compartment and use it to wipe the windshield down. Better yet, prevent fogging by coating your window with shaving cream. Apply the cream to a damp sponge and buff the window clear with paper towels. Repeat whenever the windows begin to collect fog again, or after washing your windows with window cleaner.

Air Fresheners
Keep your car smelling great by filling the ashtray with potpourri. Potpourri has a stronger scent and lasts longer than cardboard air fresheners.
Another option - tuck fabric softener sheets into seat and door pockets.

Ash Trays
Are you a non-smoker and you want to discourage others from smoking in your car? Fill a clean ash tray with pieces of hard candy or gum. Your guests won’t be able to put their cigarettes out in it, and the candy might just give them an alternative oral fixation to focus on for a little while. By the way, gum is also recommended as an on-hand emergency quick fix for patching up small leaks, like covering up a hole in a leaky fuel tank until your can get to a repair shop. If you do smoke or allow others to smoke in your vehicle, make sure the butts go out and aren’t left to smolder in the ashtray by pouring baking soda in bottom of the ashtray. The baking soda will smother the burning cigarette and help absorb the odors, too.

Corroded Terminals
Corroded battery terminals that are losing their connectivity can be cleaned with a solution of baking soda and water. Prevent corrosion by covering the terminals with petroleum jelly, but make sure the connection points are clean and secure.

Spark Plug Cleaner
Dirty spark plugs that aren’t firing correctly are fairly easily cleaned with commercial oven cleaner. Soak the spark plug tips in the oven cleaner for two hours. Scrape away hard to remove or left over grime with an emery board (fingernail file) or sand paper.

Leaky Radiator
Until you can get it fixed, try dumping a little black pepper into the radiator to seal a small leak. The pepper travels and collects to stop up the hole.

Parking
Is your car or truck impossible to find in a crowd? Try topping the antenna with a bright colored ribbon, a hollow rubber ball, or one of those funny antenna ornaments. Focus on looking for your decoration rather than just your vehicle in a crowded lot.

Don’t sweat it in the summertime, try this tip to keep your seats cool in the sun. Put an open umbrella upside down on the seat to avoid burning yourself when you get in.

These are some fast and fun tips and tricks to keep your car or truck running, clean it up nicely and save yourself some hassle. Think about them the next time you have a tough to clean car project or if you need a fast, cheap fix.

Source

Troubles in a Car’s Charging System
Trouble in a car’s charging system generally shows up as one or more of the following conditions:
  1. Faulty indicator-lamp operation
  2. An undercharged battery
  3. An overcharged battery
Before making any electrical checks, inspect all connections, including the slip-on connectors at the regulator and alternator, to make sure they are clean and tight. Since the regulator terminals are of the slip-on type, a special cable assembly (adapter) must be used during the testing so that the meter connections can be made to the terminals. Such an adapter is available from various test-equipment manufacturers and companies that supply the automotive field. Always proceed carefully and follow instructions for use of the said adapter.

Source

How to Disassemble an Alternator
The typical alternator has four assemblies: two end frames, a stator and a rotor. To disassemble the unit, first remove the first through-bolts and separate the drive end frame and rotor assembly from the stator assembly. This is done using a screwdriver at the stator slit to pry apart both assemblies. Scribe marks will aid in reassembling the parts correctly.

After disassembly, place a piece of pressure-sensitive tape over the slip ring end-frame bearing and over the shaft on the slip ring end to keep dirt from the bearing and shaft. Never use friction tape; it will leave a gummy deposit on the shaft.

To remove the drive end frame from the rotor, place the rotor in a vise and tighten the vise only to permit removal of the shaft nut. Excessive tightening of the vise may cause distortion of the rotor. Remove the shaft nut, washer, pulley, fan and collar, and then separate the drive end frame from the rotor shaft.
A Picture of the Internal Construction of a Typical Automotive Alternator

Source

Tips for Maintenance of Steering Gear Systems
  1. Always check for wear in steering linkage and other system components before making adjustments to steering gear assembly.
  2. Prevent internal bottoming of steering gear. Carefully check axle stops.
  3. Make periodic checks of lube levels.
  4. Make periodic checks for front-end alignment.
  5. Maintain properly inflated tires.
  6. Always use a puller to remove steering arms. Never use a hammer or torch.
  7. Always examine steering parts that have been subjected to impact, and replace any that are questionable.
  8. Immediately correct any play, rattle, or shimmy in linkage or steering mechanisms.
  9. Correct steering-column misalignment. If necessary, elongate support bracket holes at dash.
  10. Make note of any malfunction or accident that may damage the steering mechanism.
  11. Never weld any broken steering component. Always replace with original equipment.
  12. Never cold-straighten any part of the steering-mechanism.
  13. Never hot-straighten any part of the steering-mechanism.
  14. Always use new seals and O rings during repairs and overhauls.
  15. Never replace single bearing assemblies of balls in a set.
  16. Never hold the steering wheel to either extreme right of extreme left for more than a few seconds.
  17. Keep dirt out of hydraulic steering system.
  18. Never permit minor hydraulic leaks to continue.

Source

Handy hints and tips
Look after your windscreen and it will look after you
  • Don't ignore chips on windscreens. If neglected, chipped windscreens will crack resulting in an MOT failure and costly replacement.
  • Depending on the position and size of the damage on the windscreen, chips can be repaired by resin injection to restore the windscreen to its full strength.
  • It is an offence to drive when your windscreen, windscreen wipers and washer bottles are not in good working order.
  • Ensure you top up your windscreen wash bottle regularly. An empty washer bottle could result in a £1,000 fine and three points on your driving license.
  • Screen wash is not only used to stop your water freezing in the winter, it is also great for removing insects from your windscreen in the summer, too.
  • Never add washing-up liquid to your windscreen wash. It could damage your windscreen wipers and leave a potentially dangerous film on your windscreen.
  • Change your wiper blades every 6 months. Rubber deteriorates over time when exposed to the atmosphere.
 
 
Weight loss

Do you ever find yourself reading weight loss tips thinking, "Yeah, right. Like I'm going to do that."? Well, I've felt that way too. For example, I dare say the day will ever come when brushing my teeth as the impulse to indulge hits will make it any easier for me to pass on dessert!

A weight loss tip needs to be something you'll actually do for it to work, right? So, I'd like to share some of the easiest and most effective weight loss tips that have helped me to achieve and maintain weight loss over the years. I hope that you'll find them helpful.
  • Here's a Red Light to Snack!
    When I first started trying to lose weight, I went along with the old school thinking that eating between meals is a no-no. So, I stopped snacking altogether. Wow, did that ever back-fire! When meal times rolled around, I was often so hungry that my good intentions went right out the window and I ate much more than I normally would have in the first place.

    Eating sensible snacks between smaller meals will stave off hunger and keep your blood sugar at a good level and prevent this type of situation. In fact, studies in recent years have shown that eating several small meals a day instead of three large ones is better for your health and helps your weight loss by keeping your metabolism revved up! To make sure your snack does the trick, mix carbs with a protein, like reduced-fat cheese on wheat crackers and some grapes.
  • Counting 1, 2, 3...
    I have an easy way of "forcing" myself to practice portion control: buying single serving packages and using plastic baggies. I've found that buying the pre-packaged single serving of some types of foods proves too costly, so I buy the regular size packages of those items, but I never eat anything straight out of the package. One of my biggest danger zones is to sit down with a whole bag of baked chips or an entire box of low-fat cookies!

    We have all heard that even if something is reduced in fat, it doesn't mean we can eat all we want. That's because calories still count. So, look at the nutrition chart and find how much of your favorite snack is in a serving. Then count those crackers or measure out that popcorn and store your snack serving in individual plastic baggies. If you do this ahead of time, not only do you already have your snacks measured and prepared, but having them on-hand keeps your hunger from leading you to the vending machine, a definite diet danger zone for anyone!
  • Chill Out, Man!
    You'll be hard-pressed to find any weight loss advice that doesn't recommend drinking more water. I don't mind downing plenty of H20, but my pet peeve is that it has to be really cold. It's hard to get a nice glass of ice water when you're on the go, so I often put a pint sized bottle of water in the freezer. If you put a single serving water bottle in the front of the freezer for a while, you'll have super cold water to drink for a long time. Don't leave it in long enough for it to freeze solid, but just long enough for a "core" of ice to form. Then, as the ice melts, your water gets colder! Ah, just perfect for the summer season around the corner!
  • "When Life gives you Lemon Juice..."
    I drink so much water during the day that I like to have something different at meals, especially when dining out. I am convinced that I've tried every diet soda on the market and I've yet to find one I can tolerate. But giving in to regular soda can add hundreds -- thousands if re-fills are flowing -- of calories on to the day's quota.

    I keep plenty of no-cal fruit flavored waters in the fridge at home. But those aren't always available at my local eateries. So, I like to ask for ice water with a juice glass full of extra lemon slices or a bottle of lemon juice. I add a couple packets of artificial sweetener and voila -- instant diet lemonade!
  • Take Time to Taste Test
    Years ago, when reduced- and non-fat versions of "regular" foods began coming out, I had quite a few bad experiences. Most items didn't even resemble their higher-fat counterparts in taste, texture or smell! But, I am pleased to say that there have been vast improvements since then.

    Don't be afraid to try low-and non-fat versions of your favorite foods; you just may be surprised. In fact, I know of a few reduced-fat items that I now prefer to the regular versions! You'll have to taste them to believe it!
  • Danger, Dieter, Danger!
    I've got some real trouble areas in my house. I'll bet you've got them, too. For example, if you know sitting in the kitchen when you're waiting for a phone call is going to cause you to raid the pantry... leave the room. If lingering at the dinner table makes you long for dessert... vamoose! As soon as you've finished your meal, head outside and take a walk[/a]. Not only will it get your mind off of eating, you'll have the extra benefit of exercising. Don't use the kitchen table for other activities like paying bills if you know you can't fight temptation while you're there.
  • Mini Workouts Work
    It's tough for me to set 30 or 40 minutes every day for exercise, as is the case for many of us. That doesn't mean we get to cross fitness off our to do list! In recent years, exercise experts have conceded that the 30 minutes of activity a day we're all advised to get doesn't have to be in one lump of time.

    Breaking the half hour into three 10 minute increments may be just as good for you. Work in a 10 minute walk before work, at lunch and when you get home. By the end of the day, you've gotten 30 minutes of exercise broken up into tiny jolts!
  • Go Your Own Way
    Last, but not least, getting more activity each and every way you possibly can will lead to calories burned and a waist whittled. Since I've started walking wherever I need to go on my lunch break, I've seen better results than I ever expected. Plus, getting the fresh air mid-day helps me start the afternoon refreshed.

    Think about how you can work more activity into your life. Why not park your car farther away from your door at work? Take the steps to your apartment instead of the elevator. Walk to someone's desk in another department to ask them a question instead of e-mailing them. I know someone who wears a pedometer and doesn't stop until she has walked 10,000 steps each day! She's lost 30 pounds in nine months. You go, girl!

Source
 
 
Who invented the paperclip?
When Johann Vaaler patented his paper clip in 1901, there already were similar designs on the books. William Middlebrook of Waterbury, Connecticut patented his design in 1899. Cornelius Brosnan of Springfield, Massachusetts patented his Konaclip in 1900.

So, who was first? Well, it is thought to be Johann Vaaler. Drawings of his design date to early 1899, but since Norway had no patent law at the time, he had to seek patent rights in Germany and the US in the following years.

Johann Vaaler was born on 15 March 1866 in Aurskog, Norway. Known as an innovator in his youth, he graduated in electronics, science and mathematics. He was employed by the owner of a invention office when he invented the paperclip in 1899.

Several designs followed the original. Only a few remain, such as the Ideal, Non-Skid, Owl and Gem. The first double-oval clip, the Gem, was launched in early-1900 by Gem Manufacturing Ltd of England.

Source

An espresso has less caffeine than a cup of coffee!
A cup of drip brewed coffee has about 115 milligrams of caffeine, an espresso (and percolated coffee) about 80mg, while instant coffee has about 65mg of caffeine. Decaffeinated coffee is not totally caffeine free, containing about 3mg of caffeine. A can of Coca-Cola has about 23mg of caffeine, Pepsi Cola 25mg, Mountain Dew 37mg, and TAB 31mg. Tea has about 40mg of caffeine, while an ounce of chocolate contains about 20mg.

The first Espresso machine was introduced in 1822 by the French, but it was the Italians who perfected and distributed it.

Source

Why is a hamburger called a hamburger although it contains no ham?
During a trip to Asia in the early 1800s, a German merchant - it is said - noticed that the nomadic Tartars softened their meat by keeping it under their saddles. The motion of the horse pounded the meat to bits. The Tartars would then scrape it together and season it for eating. The idea of pounded beef found its way back to the merchant's home town of Hamburg where cooks broiled the meat and referred to it as it as Hamburg meat.

German immigrants introduced the recipe to the US. The term "hamburger" is believed to have appeared in 1834 on the menu from Delmonico's restaurant in New York but there is no surviving recipe for the meal. The first mention in print of "Hamburg steak" was made in 1884 in the Boston Evening Journal.

The honour of producing the first proper hamburger goes to Charlie Nagreen of Seymour, WI. In 1885 Nagreen introduced the American hamburger at the Outgamie County Fair in Seymour. (Seymour is recognised as the hamburger capital of the world.)

However, there is another claim to that throne. There is an account of Frank and Charles Menches who, also in 1885, went to the Hamburg, New York county fair to prepare their famous pork sausage sandwiches. But since the local meat market was out of pork sausage, they used ground beef instead. Alas, another hamburger.

The first account of serving ground meat patties on buns - taking on the look of the hamburger as we know it today - took place in 1904 at the St. Louis World Fair. But it was many years later, in 1921, that an enterprising cook from Wichita, Kansas, Walt Anderson, introduced the concept of the hamburger restaurant. He convinced financier Billy Ingram to invest $700 to create The White Castle hamburger chain. It was an instant success. The rest of the history, we might say, belongs to McDonald's.

And, no, a hamburger does not have any ham in it. Well, it's not supposed to. Hamburger meat usually is made of 70-80% beef, and fat and spices.

Source
 
 
MAK All Season HMO Tea Spray Oil
MAK All Season HMO is a high grade paraffinic petroleum based spray oil. It is effective in the control of Red Spider Mites during various stages of their life cycle in tea plantations and also has been found effective in other agricultural / horticultural applications. Being highly paraffinic, it is an environmental friendly pesticide and suitable for various horticultural applications.

Need
Today the most challenging task that tea planters face is to protect their crops / plantations from mites & pests. There are number of pests which, if unnoticed can develop large populations and can kill the entire plantation in a couple of years. One amongst the many detrimental pests is Red Spider Mite. Red spider mites are serious pests of tea and they damage the green tissues of leaves, thereby reducing the photosynthetic surface, resulting in yield reduction. Infestation leads to discoloration of leaves. Most of the species occupy the under surface of the leaves but a few prefer the upper surface also. MAK All Season HMO provides sustainable control of Red Spider Mites in tea plantations.

Application
MAK All Season HMO comes as base oil concentrate and is very easy to apply. It is sprayed in the form of oil-in-water emulsion and gives instantaneous white emulsion. 0.33-0.50 % oil is to be added to 99.67-99.50 % parts of water. Application of 1500 ml to 2000 ml MAK All Season HMO in the form of oil-in-water emulsion is recommended for spray on 1 hectare of tea plantation.

Mechanism
The emulsion forms a physical covering of the pests and its eggs on the tree and cuts the air supply. It creates a physical barrier between the plant and pests which discourages feeding and egg deposition / egg laying behavior of the pests.

For the desired control, suppression of pests & mites is always recommended at the nascent stage when there are greater numbers of young and motile stages.

Product Benefits
  • Controls Red Spider Mites in tea plantations.
  • Effective pesticidal properties due to predominantly high paraffinic structures
  • No harm to the plants and fruits due to negligible aromatics and other unsaturates
  • Remarkably safe and no toxic influence due to high unsulphonated residue (USR)
  • No interference with the plant respiration system and assures plant safety due to optimal molecular weight
  • Excellent spreadability due to finer droplet size
  • Provides efficient surface coverage and has adequate residence time due to low surface tension
  • Low water solubility provides resistance to rain washout.
Approvals

For Tea Plantations:
  1. UPASI Tea Research Foundation, Tea Research Institute, Valparai - Coimbatore
  2. Tea Research Association, Jorhat-Assam.